Accessibility Outline Abstract There are approximately 500 million people worldwide with some kind of visual, hearing or mobility impairment. There are currently over 54 million people with disabilities in the US alone and that number is significantly increasing as the baby boomer generation continues to age. People with disabilities often find it extremely difficult to effectively use existing and emerging technologies designed without regard to their needs. Web sites with inaccessible content can also be problematic for screen readers and other specialized devices used by the disabled community. Accessible features have been voluntarily integrated into operating systems, web interfaces and other technologies because of marketing potential or because it was "the right thing to do." Equal access to educational, professional and recreational technologies is rapidly becoming a legal requirement. Federal agencies in numerous countries are formulating accessibility standards. Federal requirements in the United States went into effect in June 2001. There are specialized hardware devices, applications and utilities available that considerably increase the usability of Linux for individuals with special needs. Table of Contents: 1)Why should people choose Red Hat Enterprise Linux as an accessibility solution? 2)What kind of open source tools,utilities and drivers are available? 3)Section 508 Mandate 4)Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates 5)Reading news using Linux and Emacspeak 6)Sending and reading email using Linux and Emacspeak 7)Browsing the Web using Linux and Emacspeak 8)Using Emacspeak to execute Linux shell commands 9)Using BRLTTY with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10)Using Speakup with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 11)Where can I find more information on Linux accessibility? 1)Why should people choose Red Hat Enterprise Linux as an accessibility solution? Linux offers an inexpensive and efficient solution for the disabled community. Open source software costs far less compared to tools that run on other operating systems and Linux tools are often freely download-able. While the Graphic User Interface (GUI) is convenient for sighted users, it is often inhibiting to those with visual impairments because of the difficulty speech synthesizers have interpreting graphics. Linux is a great OS for users with visual limitations because the GUI is not required by the kernel. Most modern tools including email, news, Web browsers, calendars, calculators and much more can run on Linux without the GUI. The working environment can also be customized to meet the hardware or software needs of the user. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is the distribution of choice for people with special needs because of the outstanding support that is offered with the purchase of any boxed set. Many Linux distributions provide limited or nonexistent support to customers. Red Hat Installation Support is deliverable via email or via the telephone and special circumstances are considered and addressed for users with physical limitations. The customer should inform the support technician if he/she requires specialized support. Red Hat is the leading Linux distribution. Most industry professionals are familiar with the Red Hat environment. It is not difficult to find assistance if necessary. Red Hat provides the up2date client and Red Hat Network. These services simplify file management and make it easier for customers to effortlessly keep their computers secure and up to date. 2)What kind of open source tools, utilities and drivers are available? Current development is focusing on visual and mobility impairments. There are both software and hardware based solutions available. There are also both console and graphic solutions available, however, the graphic solutions are limited at this time. The GNOME Accessibility Project is making great progress bringing the Gnome desktop up to speed. The KDE Accessibility Project is simultaneously working to make sure the KDE desktop is accessible as well. Hardware The biggest advantage of the hardware speech solutions is that speech is available before the OS loads (makes it easier to install). Hardware solutions include speech synthesizers, braille terminals, braille printers, sip and puff systems, eye gaze pointing devices, etc. These devices are usually very expensive and it is difficult to find drivers for them. Drivers are being written (mostly for speech synthesizers) for Linux but they need to be tested and certified before they can be added to Red Hat's Hardware Compatibility List. Jim Van Zandt has also written several servers that work with Emacspeak. These servers can be found in a package called Emacspeak-ss on Jim Van Zandt's webpage or linked within the Emacspeak HOWTO. For more information on Emacspeak, please see http://emacspeak.sf.net/. Software This document focuses mostly on software tools and utilities that work with Linux. Most of these tools have been developed by the Open Source community and many have not yet been tested by Red Hat Inc. Speakup, Emacspeak, Festival, Gnopernicus and BRLTTY have been tested by Red Hat. BRLTTY, Emacspeak, and Festival are included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3. Red Hat has plans to distribute Gnopernicus in future products. The following list of tools provide various functions: Software Speech Synthesizers IBM ViaVoice Outloud Festival MBROLA Emacspeak Magnification Tools xzoom SVGATextMode Speech Recognition Software IBM ViaVoice cvoicecontrol Xvoice Screen Readers Screader Speakup Visual Bells Visual Bell How To Keyboard Tools AccessX StickyKeys GTKeyboard 3)The Section 508 Mandate The Section 508 Mandate is an addendum to the Rehabilitation Act of 1998 that requires federal agencies to use accessible electronic and information technologies so that people with special needs have the same opportunities as everyone else. For detailed information about the requirements of the Section 508 Mandate, please see this link: http://www.section508.gov/ 4) The Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT) The VPAT template details how a particular product or service conforms to Section 508 criteria. The VPAT helps federal personnel adhere to Section 508 by helping them determine whether they are buying the most accessible IT products and services available. The VPAT template participation by private vendors is voluntary so these templates are hosted on the individual vendor's websites. The vendors maintain their own information and the government does not endorse this information in any way. Red Hat Inc has posted voluntary VPATs for several products. The Red Hat VPAT is available at: http://www.redhat.com/solutions/industries/government/accessibility/vpat_rhel21.html 5)Reading news using Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Emacspeak Gnus is the news reader included with Emacspeak. Gnus gets the appropriate data from the .newsrc file in the user's home directory. If you wish to post and read news through Emacspeak, please see my.news.org or www.gnus.org for manuals, tutorials, HOWTOs, etc. To start Gnus, type the following: M-x, gnus This command displays all the newsgroups you are subscribed to. To select a newsgroup, highlight your selection and press the space bar. Next, specify how many articles you would like to open. Type the number you desire and press [Enter]. This splits the screen into two buffers. The top section is the summary buffer, the bottom section is the article buffer. You should now be able to read your news. For a detailed overview of this tool, please see the above link. 6)Sending and reading email using Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Emacspeak There are several email clients available in Emacspeak. The Gnus utility can actually be used for both email and news. Type M-x, gnus to start Gnus, then type M to use the mail client. The easiest tool to use is RMAIL. To send a message using RMAIL, just type C-x, m within Emacspeak. Fill in the To: and Subject: fields. Put the body of the message below the line that reads -text follows this line-. You can send the message when you are finished by typing: C-c, C-c To read a message using RMAIL type: M-x, rmail For more information on using RMAIL please see http://www.gnu.org/manual/emacs-20.3/html_chapter/emacs_31.html. 7)Browsing the Web using Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Emacspeak You must download William Perry's w3 browser from ftp://people.redhat.com/jlamb. You can install the package from the FTP site after you log in as root and type rpm -ivh ftp://people.redhat.com/jlamb/w3-4.0pre.44-1.i386.rpm Once the package is installed, restart Emacspeak and type M-x, w3 to start the browser. This opens the default homepage. For more information on w3 including a tutorial and command explanation, please read through the information on the default home page, http://www.cs.indiana.edu/elisp/w3/docs.html. 8)Using Emacspeak to execute Linux shell commands You do not have to leave Emacspeak to execute a Linux command. To execute a command within Emacspeak, type ESC ! then enter the name of the command you would like to run when Emacspeak prompts you. To exit the command output window type: C-x, 1 This functionality is extremely useful. You can even print and compile files you are working on within Emacspeak. For more information on Linux shell commands please see Josh's Linux Guide or any other comparable command resource. 9)Using Speakup with Red Hat Enterprise Linux Speakup is a GPL screen review package written by Kirk Reiser and Andy Berdan. Speakup gives users with visual or mobility impairments the ability to have audible console feedback using a speech synthesizer. Red Hat recommends Speakup for blind users because it provides an audible installation and is fully supported by the blind open source community. William F. Acker currently maintains the Speakup packages for the Red Hat distribution. His contributions to the open source community and to blind Linux users have been outstanding. Speakup works with the following hardware synthesizers: DoubleTalk PC/LT LiteTalk Accent PC/SA Speakout Artic Transport Audapter Braille 'N Speak / Type 'N Speak Dectalk External and Express Apollo2 For more information about Speakup, or to contribute to the Speakup project please see this link: http://www.linux-speakup.org/ For instructions on how to use Speakup with Red Hat Enterprise Linux, please see this link: http://www.linux-speakup.org/ftp/disks/redhat/HOWTO_INSTALL.html 10)Using BRLTTY with Red Hat Enterprise Linux BRLTTY is a tool for blind persons that uses a refreshable braille display to provide access to the Linux command line mode. BRLTTY ships for the first time in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3. It drives the braille display, and provides complete screen review functionality. Some speech capability has also been incorporated. For more information on how to use BRLTTY please see the project homepage at: http://mielke.cc/brltty/ 11)Where can I find more information on Linux accessibility? The following documents offer helpful suggestions for making Linux more accessible: * Linux Access HOW-TO http://en.tldp.org/HOWTO/Accessibility-HOWTO/index.html * Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO http://en.tldp.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO.html These links may also be helpful: * Speakup Homepage http://www.braille.uwo.ca/speakup/ * Project Ocularis http://ocularis.sourceforge.net/events.php * Trace Center http://trace.wisc.edu/ * Blinux http://leb.net/blinux/